Landscaping Around the World: China

By: Rosalie Merriner

Welcome back to our series, Landscaping Around the World! Last time, we explored the rustic beauty of the Italian countryside. Today, we’re traveling east to China to take a closer look at the Shanshui style.

Shanshui literally translates to “Mountain–Water,” which perfectly reflects the essence of this design philosophy. Rooted in traditional Chinese aesthetics, this style emphasizes balance, symbolism, and intentionality. Let’s explore the key elements that define a Shanshui garden.

Rocks as Mountains

In Shanshui design, rocks are the most important element. In Chinese culture, mountains are not only significant physical landmarks but also powerful cultural symbols. They represent exploration, resilience, protection, and spiritual strength.

Within this style, rocks serve as the backbone of the design, creating structure and stability throughout the space.

Design Tips:

• Choose irregular, weathered stones for a natural appearance.

• Arrange rocks in odd-numbered groupings (three or five work best) to create a balanced, organic feel.

• Use vertical placement to add drama, strength, and visual height.

Rocks are not simply decorative in Shanshui gardens — they are the foundation of the landscape.

Water as the Life Force

Water is the second most important element in Shanshui design. In Chinese culture, water symbolizes flow, time, adaptability, and softness. The contrast between stone and water reflects the harmony between strength and gentleness.

Reflecting pools, streams, and small waterfalls are common features that help create a serene and meditative environment. Installing a pond or waterfall can transform your yard into a calming retreat ideal for contemplation.

If a water feature isn’t practical, consider incorporating a “dry riverbed” made of gravel. This technique suggests movement and flow while maintaining the grounded presence of stone.

Plants as Symbols

In Shanshui gardens, plants are selected for their meaning as much as their beauty. Every element serves a purpose, including plant choices. While plants are not the dominant feature of the design, they add life and symbolic depth to the landscape.

Some of the most common choices include:

Pine
Pine trees symbolize longevity, endurance, and integrity. The famous “Guest-Greeting Pine,” known for its outstretched, welcoming shape, is an iconic example of hospitality and strength.

Bamboo
Bamboo represents virtue, resilience, and humility. China is home to nearly 40% of the world’s bamboo species and is often referred to as the “Bamboo Kingdom.” Its ability to bend without breaking reflects inner strength and flexibility.

Plum Blossom
The plum blossom symbolizes resilience, perseverance, and hope. Unlike most flowering trees, it blooms in the dead of winter — often pushing through snow to reveal delicate pink blossoms. This makes it a powerful symbol of renewal and courage.

Planting in Shanshui design is typically restrained, allowing rocks and structure to remain the focal point. However, thoughtfully chosen plants complete the design with intention and meaning.

The Power of Intentionality

If one word could summarize the Shanshui style, it would be intentionality. Nothing is placed haphazardly; every stone, water feature, and plant is carefully chosen to create a serene, balanced environment.

If you’re looking to transform your yard into a meditative retreat, the Shanshui style offers the perfect blend of mountain strength and flowing water softness.

At Antonucci Lawn and Garden, we would love to help you transform your outdoor space into a serene escape for you and your loved ones — a place designed with purpose, beauty, and balance.